The role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in alloantigen-independent and alloantigen-dependent transplantation injury.

Transplantation injury and rejection involves the interplay of innate and acquired immune responses. Immune-related injury manifests itself in three temporal phases: early innate immune driven alloantigen-independent injury, acquired immune driven alloantigen-dependent injury, and chronic injury. Sequential waves of chemokine expression play a central role in regulating graft injury through the recruitment of phagocytes shortly after transplantation and activated lymphocytes and phagocytes in the weeks and years following transplantation. This review focuses on recent studies demonstrating the role of chemokines in transplantation.