Photoshopping Colonoscopy Video Frames.

The automatic detection of frames containing polyps from a colonoscopy video sequence is an important first step for a fully automated colonoscopy analysis tool. Typically, such detection system is built using a large annotated data set of frames with and without polyps, which is expensive to be obtained. In this paper, we introduce a new system that detects frames containing polyps as anomalies from a distribution of frames from exams that do not contain any polyps. The system is trained using a one-class training set consisting of colonoscopy frames without polyps -- such training set is considerably less expensive to obtain, compared to the 2-class data set mentioned above. During inference, the system is only able to reconstruct frames without polyps, and when it tries to reconstruct a frame with polyp, it automatically removes (i.e., photoshop) it from the frame -- the difference between the input and reconstructed frames is used to detect frames with polyps. We name our proposed model as anomaly detection generative adversarial network (ADGAN), comprising a dual GAN with two generators and two discriminators. We show that our proposed approach achieves the state-of-the-art result on this data set, compared with recently proposed anomaly detection systems.