Enhancement of nonlinearities in photorefractive bismuth sillenites via phosphorous and manganese co-doping

Summary form only given. The goal of this study was to increase the photorefractive nonlinear response of the bismuth sillenites; bismuth silicon oxide (BSO), bismuth germanate (BGO), and bismuth titanate (BTO). Over 300 boules of BSO, BTO, and BGO were grown. Compounds of 19 elements, either singly or in combination, were added as dopants to the melts of these crystals. Enhancement was only measured in crystals that were co-doped with phosphorous and manganese. With this dopant combination, enhancement was seen in BSO, BTO, and BGO crystals.