Response and habituation of pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression to repeated acute stress

Abstract Introduction Acute stress induces increases in plasma inflammatory mediators, which do not habituate to repeated stress. Inflammation is a risk factor for age-related illnesses, highlighting the need to understand factors controlling inflammation. No studies have examined changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression in response to repeated acute stress in humans. Methods RNA was isolated from peripheral blood before, 30 and 120 min after exposure of n  = 32 healthy human participants to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) on two days. Gene expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, nuclear factor (NF)-κB and IκB was measured repeatedly on both days. We further assessed leukocyte numbers, plasma IL-6, and salivary cortisol. Results Stress induced IL-6 ( F  = 44.7; p F  = 18.6; p F  = 5.1, p  = 0.003), but IL-6 responses did not (n.s.). All genes increased in response to initial stress (IL-6: F  = 3.8; p  = 0.029; IL-1β: F  = 7.1; p  = 0.008; NF-κB: F  = 5.1; p  = 0.009; IκB: F  = 4.7; p  = 0.013) and showed habituation to repeated stress (IL-6: t  = 2.3; p  = 0.03; IL-1β: t  = 3.9; p  = 0.001; NF-κB: t  = 2.1; p  = 0.041; IκB: t  = 3.1; p  = 0.005). Day 1 responses of IL-1β and IκB were not explained by changes in leukocyte populations, but IL-6 and NF-κB, as well as most day 2 changes were not independent of leukocyte populations. Conclusions Stress response and habituation of pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression as found here might indicate that even on an intracellular level, inflammatory responses to acute stress are adaptive in that they respond to initial, but habituate to repeated, similar stress. Future studies will need to test whether non-habituation is predictive of disease.