Diet-Induced Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Liver Steatosis Are Prevented by DPP-4 Inhibition in Diabetic Mice

OBJECTIVE Diet composition alters the metabolic states of adipocyte s and hepatocyte s in diabetes. The effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition on adipose tissue inflammation and fatty liver have been obscure. We investigated the extrapancreatic effects of DPP-4 inhibition on visceral fat and the liver. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We investigated diet-induced metabolic changes in β-cell–specific glucokinase haploinsufficient ( Gck +/− ) diabetic mice. We challenged animals with a diet containing a combination of sucrose and oleic acid (SO) or sucrose and linoleic acid (SL). Next, we assessed the effects of a DPP-4 inhibitor, des-fluoro-sitagliptin, on adipose tissue inflammation and hepatic steatosis. RESULTS The epididymal fat weight and serum leptin level were significantly higher in Gck +/− mice fed SL than in mice fed SO, although no significant differences in body weight or adipocyte size were noted. Compared with SO, SL increased the numbers of CD11c + M1 macrophages and CD8 + T-cells in visceral adipose tissue and the expression of E-selectin, P-selectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). DPP-4 inhibition significantly prevented adipose tissue infiltration by CD8 + T-cells and M1 macrophages and decreased the expression of PAI-1. The production of cytokines by activated T-cells was not affected by DPP-4 inhibition. Furthermore, DPP-4 inhibition prevented fatty liver in both wild-type and Gck +/− mice. DPP-4 inhibition also decreased the expressions of sterol regulatory element–binding protein 1c, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, and fatty acid synthase, and increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α in the liver. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that DPP-4 inhibition has extrapancreatic protective effects against diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation and hepatic steatosis.