Modeling adaptive therapy in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is the 9th most common diagnosed cancer with up to 42% of patients recurring and 13% of patients progressing on first-line BCG therapeutic treatment. We explore tumor heterogeneity to identify different phenotypes and the role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that may explain this therapeutic response. Due to these competing populations, as a proof-of-concept, we here explore adaptive therapy scheduling of BCG. We find that alternative schedules could allow for better control of the overall bladder cancer tumor size.