Evaluation of stream ecosystem health and species association based on multi-taxa (benthic macroinvertebrates, algae, and microorganisms) patterning with different levels of pollution

Abstract Benthic communities of macroinvertebrates, algae, and microorganisms were concurrently collected using a Surber sampler (30 × 30 m 2 ; 300 μm mesh), brush (5 × 5 cm 2 ), and syringe (100 mL; Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis), respectively, to determine the ecological integrity of streams with different levels of pollution. Macroinvertebrates provided a clearer representation of the gradient of pollution, while a broader scope of species distribution was observed for algae and microorganisms, including sites severely polluted with heavy metals. Species associations among different taxa were presented on the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) and Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) based on environmental factors. After screening, indicator species visualized on the SOM represented a wider range of environmental impacts and were more illustrative with benthic macroinvertebrates in least polluted sites. In contrast NMDS presented species more closely associated with overall variance of communities with severe pollution, mainly in microorganisms and algae. Multi-taxa community analysis using SOM and NMDS in combination would provide a comprehensive assessment for addressing ecological integrity in streams.