Evaluation of 2,5-hexanedione in urine of workers exposed to n-hexane in Brazilian shoe factories

Abstract Urinary 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) is used as a biomarker for biological monitoring of workers exposed to n -hexane. The purpose of this study was to compare two types of treatment of urine samples during clean-up (with and without acidic hydrolysis) and to study the exposure situation of workers exposed to n -hexane during shoe manufacturing. There, various glues containing n -hexane are used. Quantification of 2,5-HD was carried out by gas chromatography and flame ionization detection (GC–FID). Fifty-two urine samples taken from workers of seven shoe factories were analyzed. Thirty-four persons from the administrative staff of the same factories served as controls. They were not known to be exposed to n -hexane. The samples treated with acidic hydrolysis showed levels (average 0.94 mg/l) ∼10 times higher than samples without acidic hydrolysis (0.09 mg/l). The difference is predominantly caused by the conversion of other metabolites of n -hexane (e.g. 4,5-dihydroxy-2-hexanone) to 2,5-HD in the presence of acids. Our results also show, that exposure to n -hexane is different between various industries. Levels of 2,5-HD in urine are predominantly dependent on the type of operation (how the glue is applied on the leather during shoe manufacturing). Simple measures, e.g. using a glue handgun instead of a paintbrush significantly decreased exposure to n -hexane.