Mixed valence states of Yb3+/Yb2+ in low-loss (Ba1−xNdx)(Ti1−xYbx)O3 dielectric ceramics

Abstract Ceramics with nominal compositions (Ba1−xNdx)(Ti1−xYbx)O3 (BNTY) were prepared in air using a solid-state-reaction method. The valence state of Yb was investigated with the aid of many techniques in combination with the microstructure, crystal structure, point defects, and dielectric properties. The co-solubility of Nd/Yb in BNTY determined by XRD was x = 0.05. The x = 0.05 sample (BNTY5) possessed a pseudo-cubic structure and satisfied more temperature-stable Y6S or X7T dielectric specifications, with e′RT = 1540 and tan δ