3D Network V2O5 Electrodes in a Gel Electrolyte for High-Voltage Wearable Symmetric Pseudocapacitors

A 3D network composed of V2O5 nanofibers was manufactured on a novel conductive printing paper (Urea-LiClO4-PVA deep eutectic solvent gel doped-graphite/printing paper, U-Paper) for use as electrodes linked with a Urea-LiClO4-PVA (ULP) neutral gel electrolyte for 3D network V2O5 wearable symmetric pseudocapacitors (WSSCs). The function of the ULP gel is not only that it can be doped into the conductive ink to decrease the resistance of the conductive printing paper, but also that it increases the stability of V2O5–based electrode. Moreover, 3D network V2O5 WSSCs containing the ULP gel are can support high operating voltages of 4.0 V with great specific capacitance (160 F/g) and offer a high energy density (355 Wh/kg at 0.2 kW/kg). The 3D network V2O5 WSSCs exhibit a superior cycling stability/durability after 5000 cycling (capacitance retention of ~91%). Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments show the reversibility and pseudocapacitive properties of V2O5 from ULP gel and offer the information ...