Decoding Muscle Force from Motor Unit Firings Using Encoder-Decoder Networks.

Appropriate interpretation of motor unit (MU) activities after surface EMG (sEMG) decomposition is a key factor to decode motor intentions in a noninvasive and physiologically meaningful way. However, there are great challenges due to the difficulty in cross-trial MU tracking and unavoidable loss of partial MU information resulting from incomplete decomposition. In light of these issues, this study presents a novel framework for interpreting MU activities and applies it to decode muscle force. The resulting MUs were clustered and classified into different categories by characterizing their spatially distributed firing waveforms. The process served as a general MU tracking method. On this basis, after transferring the MU firing trains to twitch force trains by a twitch force model, a deep network was designed to predict the normalized force. In addition, MU category distribution was examined to calibrate the actual force level, while functions of some unavailable MUs were compensated. To investigate the effectiveness of this framework, high-density sEMG signals were recorded using an 8 × 8 electrode array from the abductor pollicis brevis muscles of eight subjects, while thumb abduction force was measured. The proposed method outperformed three common methods (p < 0.001) yielding the lowest root mean square deviation of 6.68% ± 1.29% and the highest fitness (R2) of 0.94 ± 0.04 between the predicted force and the actual force. This study offers a valuable, computational solution for interpreting individual MU activities, and its effectiveness was confirmed in muscle force estimation.