Aerosol concentrations determine the height of warm rain and ice initiation in convective clouds over the Amazon basin

We have investigated how pollution aerosols affect the height above cloud base of rain and ice hydrometeor initiation and the subsequent vertical evolution of cloud droplet size and number concentrations in growing convective cumulus. For this purpose we used in-situ data of hydrometeor size distributions measured with instruments mounted on HALO (High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft) during the ACRIDICON-CHUVA campaign over the Amazon during September 2014. The results show that the height of rain initiation by collision and coalescence processes ( D r , in units of meters above cloud base) is linearly correlated with the number concentration of droplets ( N d in cm −3 ) nucleated at cloud base ( D r  ≈ 5  N d ). When N d exceeded values of about 1000 cm −3 , D r became greater than 5000 m, and particles of precipitation size were initiated as ice hydrometeors. Therefore, no liquid water raindrops were observed within growing convective cumulus during polluted conditions. Furthermore, also the formation of ice particles took place at higher altitudes in the clouds in polluted conditions, because the resulting smaller cloud droplets froze at colder temperatures compared to the larger drops in the unpolluted cases. The measured vertical profiles of droplet effective radius ( r e ) were close to those estimated by assuming adiabatic conditions ( r ea ), supporting the hypothesis that the entrainment and mixing of air into convective clouds is almost completely inhomogeneous. Secondary nucleation of droplets on aerosol particles from biomass burning and air pollution reduced re below r ea , which further inhibited the formation of raindrops and ice particles and resulted in even higher altitudes for rain and ice initiation.