A Program Manager's Guide for Program Improvement in Ongoing Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury Programs. The RAND Toolkit, Volume 4

Abstract : of military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, including Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, and the recent operations in Iraq, Operation New Dawn. These operations were marked by multiple long deployments; nearly half of service members who deployed did so more than once during this time frame, with many serving in theater several times. Evidence suggests that a substantial number of service members have experienced combat and operational stress-related problems, such as posttraumatic stress disorder and depression, and others have been faced with ongoing problems as a result of traumatic brain injury (TBI) (Tanielian and Jaycox, 2008). Family members such as spouses and children of deployed service members have also experienced psychological health concerns as a consequence of the ongoing stress of these deployments.