Quantum Process Tomography of a Controlled-Phase Gate for Time-Bin Qubits

Time-bin qubits, where information is encoded in a single photon at different times, have been widely used in optical-fiber- and waveguide-based quantum communications. With the recent developments in distributed quantum computation, it is logical to ask whether time-bin encoded qubits may be useful in that context. We have recently realized a time-bin qubit controlled-phase (C-phase) gate using a $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2$ optical switch based on a lithium-niobate waveguide, with which we demonstrated the generation of an entangled state. However, the experiment was performed with only a pair of input states and thus the functionality of the C-phase gate was not fully verified. In this research, we use quantum process tomography to establish a process fidelity of $97.1\mathrm{%}$. Furthermore, we demonstrate the controlled-not gate operation with a process fidelity greater than $94\mathrm{%}$. This study confirms that typical two-qubit logic gates used in quantum computational circuits can be implemented with time-bin qubits and thus it is a significant step forward for the realization of distributed quantum computation based on time-bin qubits.