Listing candidate diagnostic markers and exploring the molecular basis of human spermatogenesis and a type of male infertility (Non-Obstructive Azoospermia), with transcriptomics via the next generation sequencing methods

Studying the molecular basis of Non-Obstructive Azoospermia (NOA), a case of failed spermatogenesis at various stages, can also help in exploring molecular basis of human spermatogenesis and possibly pave way to identify new targets for male contraceptive development. Hence, we initiated a functional genomics study by applying RNA-seq. Testicular biopsies collected from donors with Non-Obstructive Azoospermia (NOA), Obstructive Azoospermia (OA), Congenital Bilateral Absence of the Vas Deferens (CBAVD), and Varicocele (VA) conditions. Strong association of 100+ genes with human spermatogenesis and NOA has been detected via NGS-based transcriptomic analysis. In addition, 20 RNA molecules have been short-listed for potential diagnostic applications (non-obstructive azoospermia vs. obstructive azoospermia, varicocele or normal). A hierarchical list of several genes and alternatively spliced mRNAs, transcribed differentially in NOA, is reported - based on a 9strength of association9. Such association with NOA, spermatogenesis or both is a new finding for many genes as revealed by a comparison with a newly prepared comprehensive list of genes having such association with human spermatogenesis/NOA. Many top-ranking genes involved in viral gene expression were up-regulated in testes from NOA-patients, while those associated with an antiviral mechanism were down-regulated. A tangential finding: while most well-established control mRNAs did not qualify, two new ones worked best in RT-qPCR experiments. Needle-aspiration of testicular biopsies, followed by the use of short-listed promising candidate biomarkers (i.e., 16 mRNA & 4 chimeric transcripts) and control mRNAs in RT-qPCR-based diagnostic assays, may help to avoid open surgeries in future.