The Pastoral Crowds and Its Ecological Foundation in Inner-Mongolia in Modern Time

The pattern of pastoral crowds in Inner-Mongolia was household-ails-village, household was contacted with environment directly, as for ails, it is a co-operation along 2-3 household, involving corporations of a few activities in pastoral production, and the corporations usually were mutually beneficial in ecology and social life. Village in grassland is strictly restricted by the grassland ecology, is difficult to form an village。In history of Mongolia, only in special periods there were big crowds with powerful cohesion. The crowds in clan was become less and less, and the dependence of household on co-operation also become less. In ails, there were rich-poor type and other types with their ecological benefits. Village was changed to grassland ecology, topography, agriculture, and social and cultural activities.