Biogenesis of microRNAs and its implication in head and neck pathologies: A Narrative Review

Aim: MicroRNAs (miRNA) are 19–23 nucleotides small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression either by silencing or degrading the target gene. Altered miRNAs are associated with various dental and inflammatory diseases. The aim of this review is to provide an insight into the biogenesis, role of miRNA in physiology, and development of dysregulated miRNA which has an impact on hallmarks of cancer. Materials and Methods: A literature review search was made from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using the key words biogenesis of miRNA, stem cell culture, oral cancer, circulating miRNAs, autoimmune disorders, and periodontitis. We also included systematically reviewed articles that highlighted the mechanism of silencing of gene and epigenetic modifications by miRNA. Results: Pertaining to various literatures there is definite correlation of miRNA with various pathological conditions occurring in head and neck region. Conclusion: Our review indicates that numerous miRNAs play a key role in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic role in oral diseases. In this context, multitudinous studies are a prerequisite for validation of miRNA as a reliable biomarker in head and neck pathologies and its targeted therapy.