Patient Reported Central Nervous System Adverse Events of Efavirenz-Based Antiretroviral Therapy in People Living with HIV in Northwest Ethiopia

Background Central nervous system (CNS) toxicities from regimens containing efavirenz are the main reasons for non-adherence, switch and discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We aimed to assess prevalence of CNS adverse events and associated factors among HIV patients taking efavirenz-based regimens at the University of Gondar Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital (UoGCSH), Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 15 to May 15, 2018 on 345 patients living with HIV who were taking efavirenz-based regimens. Information on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics was taken from medical records and patient interview. Binary logistic regression analysis was done to determine association. Statistical significance was declared at P value of ≤ 0.05. Results About 52.8% of participants experienced CNS adverse events. Vivid dreams, confusion, insomnia and somnolence were the most frequently reported adverse events. Most of the CNS adverse events occurred in the first year of treatment initiation and resolved within 1-4 weeks. Age, economic status, CD4 count, disease stage, presence of comorbidities and concurrent use of other medication had a significant association with the occurrence of CNS adverse events. Conclusion More than half of HIV patients taking efavirenz-based regimens at UoGCSH experienced CNS adverse events. Health-care providers should give attention to patients on efavirenz therapy to monitor for CNS adverse events, especially for patients who have low CD4 count, advanced disease, comorbidities, low income and are older in age.