MXene-based cytosensor for the detection of HER2-positive cancer cells using CoFe2O4@Ag magnetic nanohybrids conjugated to the HB5 aptamer.

Abstract MXenes are a new class of conductive two-dimensional material which have received growing attention in biosensing for their significant surface area and unique surface chemistry. Here, gold electrodes were modified with MXene nanosheets of about 2 nm thickness and 1.5 μm lateral size for the electrochemical detection of tumor cells. An HB5 aptamer with high selectivity for HER-2 positive cells was immobilized on the MXene layers via electrostatic interactions. To minimize electrode biofouling with blood matrix, magnetic separation of HER-2 positive circulating tumor cells was carried out using CoFe2O4@Ag magnetic nanohybrids bonded to the HB5. The formation of sandwich-like structures between the magnetically captured cells and the functionalized MXene electrodes effectively shields the electron transfer of a redox probe, enabling quantitative cell detection using the change in current. This label-free MXene-based cytosensor platform yielded a wide linear range of 102-106 cells/mL, low detection limit of 47 cells/mL, and good sensitivity and selectivity in the detection of HER2-posetive cells in blood samples. The presented aptacytosensor demonstrates the great potential of using CoFe2O4@Ag magnetic nanohybrids and MXenes to monitor cancer progression via circulating tumor cells in blood at low cost.