Photoelectrochemical biosensor for microRNA detection based on a MoS2/g-C3N4/black TiO2 heterojunction with Histostar@AuNPs for signal amplification

Abstract Herein, a novel photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor was developed for the ultrasensitive detection of microRNA-396a based on a MoS 2 /g-C 3 N 4 /black TiO 2 heterojunction as the photoactive material and gold nanoparticles carrying Histostar antibodies (Histostar@AuNPs) for signal amplification. Briefly, MoS 2 /g-C 3 N 4 /black TiO 2 was deposited on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode surface, after which gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and probe DNA were assembled on the modified electrode. Hybridization with miRNA-396a resulted in a rigid DNA: RNA hybrid being formed, which was recognized by the S9.6 antibody. The captured antibody can further conjugate with the secondary IgG antibodies of Histostar@AuNPs, thereby leading to the immobilization of horse radish peroxidase (HRP). In the presence of HRP, the oxidation of 4-chloro-1-naphthol (4-CN) by H 2 O 2 was accelerated, producing the insoluble product benzo-4-chlorohexadienone on the electrode surface and causing a significant decrease in the photocurrent. The developed biosensor could detect miRNA-396a at concentrations from 0.5 fM to 5000 fM, with a detection limit of 0.13 fM. Further, the proposed method can also be used to investigate the effect of heavy metal ions on the expression level of miRNAs. Results suggest that the biosensor developed herein offers a promising platform for the ultrasensitive detection of miRNA.