The association between developing Parkinson's disease and β-Adrenoceptor acting agents use: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD) ranks the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Aside from genetic predisposition, many external factors such as traumatic brain injury and exposure of substances including pesticides also contribute to PD's pathogenesis. Many previous studies observed the association between the use of β-adrenoceptor acting agents and risk of PD. Objective To conduct systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize whether the use of β-agonist and β-antagonist agents were associated with risk of PD. Method We independently searched for published studies from EMBASE and MEDLINE databases from inception to February 2021. This meta-analysis includes 9 case-control studies and 1 cohort study meeting the eligibility criteria, with a total of 380,105 participants. Results Overall β-antagonists use appeared to associate with increase PD risk with an odd ratio (OR) of 1.2 (95% CI 1.07–1.34). Propranolol and metoprolol had a statistically significant association with higher risk of PD: pooled OR was 1.67 (95% CI 1.22–2.29) and 1.07 (95% CI 1.03–1.1), respectively. On the other hand, β-agonists significantly inverse association with PD risk with OR of 0.88 (95% CI 0.85–0.92). Salbutamol unexpectedly showed no statistical significance in reduced risk of PD with a pooled risk ratio of 1.0 (95% CI 0.87–1.16). Conclusion Overall β-antagonists, including propranolol and metoprolol, were associated with an increased risk of PD, in contrast to β-agonists, which were associated with decreased the risk.