Serologic evidence of exposure to influenza D virus among persons with occupational contact with cattle.

Abstract Background Influenza D virus (IDV), a novel influenza virus with proposed classification: family Orthomyxoviridae , genus Influenzavirus D , species Influenza D virus , has been associated with influenza-like illness in cattle and swine. More recently, anti-IDV antibodies have also been detected in small ruminants. A seroprevalence of approximately 1.3% has been estimated for the general human population. Objectives To gain insights on the zoonotic potential of IDV to human adults with occupational exposure to cattle in north central Florida. Study A cross-sectional serological study was performed on human serum samples from 35 cattle-exposed and 11 non-cattle-exposed adults to screen for IDV antibodies using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays. Results A seroprevalence of 91% was detected via HI assay, and 97% by MN assay among individuals working with cattle in Florida. Among non-cattle-exposed individuals, seropositivity determined via MN assay (only) was lower (18%). Conclusions IDV poses a zoonotic risk to cattle-exposed workers, based on detection of high seroprevalence (94–97%). Whereas it is still unknown whether IDV causes disease in humans, our studies indicate that the virus may be an emerging pathogen among cattle-workers.