Nanoengineered Osteoinductive Bioink for 3D Bioprinting Bone Tissue.

Bioprinting is an emerging additive manufacturing approach to the fabrication of patient-specific, implantable three-dimensional (3D) constructs for regenerative medicine. However, developing cell-compatible bioinks with high printability, structural stability, biodegradability, and bioactive characteristics is still a primary challenge for translating 3D bioprinting technology to pre-clinical and clinal models. To overcome this challenge, we develop a nanoengineered ionic covalent entanglement (NICE) bioink formulation for 3D bone bioprinting. The NICE bioinks allow precise control over printability, mechanical properties and degradation characteristics, enabling custom 3D fabrication of mechanically resilient, cellularized structures. We demonstrate cell-induced remodeling of 3D bioprinted scaffolds over 60 days demonstrating deposition of nascent extracellular matrix proteins. Interestingly, the bioprinted constructs induces endochondral differentiation of encapsulated human mesenchymal stem cells (hMS...