Transseptal Transcatheter Mitral Valve Implantation for Severely Calcified Mitral Stenosis

A 72-year-old woman, with prior aortic valve replacement and tricuspid annuloplasty, was referred for heart failure. Echocardiography showed mitral stenosis (mean gradient 12 mm Hg, area 0.8 cm2) with severe mitral annular calcification (MAC) ([Fig. 1][1]A). Computed tomography demonstrated a