Activating transcription factor 4 mediates hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial inflammation and retinal vascular leakage through activation of STAT3 in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes

Aims/hypothesis There is convincing evidence that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications; however, the mechanisms are not fully understood. This study aimed to dissect the role and signalling pathways of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) in ER-stress-associated endothelial inflammation and diabetic retinopathy.