Cholecystokinin/Cholecystokinin-1 receptor-mediated peripheral activation of the afferent vagus by enteral nutrients attenuates inflammation in rats.

Male rats were fasted or fed lipid-rich nutrition before hemor-rhagic shock. Disruption of afferent vagal fibers with capsaicin (deafferen-tation) was used to investigate involvement of afferent fibers. Peripheralactivation of afferent vagal fibers via cholecystokinin (CCK)-mediated ac-tivation of CCK-1 receptors was investigated using administration of theselectively peripheral acting CCK-1 receptor antagonist, A70104 andPEGylated-CCK9. Tissue and blood were collected 90 minutes aftershock to assess systemic inflammation and intestinal integrity.