Fleet management for ride-pooling with meeting points at scale: a case study in the five boroughs of New York City.

Introducing meeting points to ride-pooling (RP) services has been shown to increase the satisfaction level of both riders and service providers. Passengers may choose to walk to a meeting point for a cost reduction. Drivers may also get matched with more riders without making additional stops. There are economic benefits of using ride-pooling with meeting points (RPMP) compared to the traditional RP services. Many RPMP models have been proposed to better understand their benefits. However, most prior works study RPMP either with a restricted set of parameters or at a small scale due to the expensive computation involved. In this paper, we propose STaRS+, a scalable RPMP framework that is based on a comprehensive integer linear programming model. The high scalability of STaRS+ is achieved by utilizing a heuristic optimization strategy along with a novel shortest-path caching scheme. We applied our model to the NYC metro area to evaluate the scalability of the framework and demonstrate the importance of city-scale simulations. Our results show that city-scale simulations can reveal valuable insights for city planners that are not always visible at smaller scales. To the best of our knowledge, STaRS+ is the first study on the RPMP that can solve large-scale instances on the order of the entire NYC metro area.