Profil Épidémiologique des Dermatoses Immuno-Allergiques à Yaoundé : Étude Rétrospective sur 5 Ans

RESUME Introduction. Depuis quelques annees, on observe l’emergence en zone urbaine africaine des dermatoses immuno-allergiques (DIA). Le but de cette etude etait de determiner le profil epidemiologique des DIA rencontrees a Yaounde. Materiels et methodes. Il s’agissait d’une etude retrospective sur cinq ans (Janvier 2011- Septembre 2015) menee dans le service de dermatologie de six formations sanitaires de la ville de Yaounde. Etaient inclus, les patients consultant pour la premiere fois un dermatologue chez qui le diagnostic d’une DIA a ete retenu sur la base d’un examen clinique. Ces donnees ont ete analysees par le logiciel SPSS 21.0 ; le seuil de significativite a ete fixe a une valeur P < 0,05. Resultats. Notre population etait a predominance feminine (4525/7077 ; 63,9%). la tranche d’âge la plus representee (26,2%) etait celle de 0 a 9 ans. La prevalence globale des DIA etait de 23,6%. L’eczema de contact (8,1%), le prurigo (6,1%), l’urticaire (3,6%), la dermatite atopique (3,5%), le lichen plan (1,8%) et les toxidermies (0,6%) representaient les DIA les plus frequentes. Le prurigo etait la DIA la plus frequente (73,2%) chez les patients VIH positifs connus. En cinq ans, la prevalence des DIA chez l’enfant a augmente de facon statistiquement significative (p = 0,00), en passant de 31,1% (343/1103) en 2011 a 38,9% (582/1496) en 2015. Conclusion. Les DIA constituent une part importante des consultations de dermatologie a Yaounde (23,6%). Elles ont augmente significativement en 5 ans chez l’enfant. ABSTRACT Background. Since several years, we are observing the emergency of immuno-allergic dermatosis in Africa, especially in urban areas. The aim of this study is to determine the epidemiologic pattern of immuno-allergic dermatosis (IAD) found during dermatologic consultation in Yaounde, Cameroon. Materials and methods. This was a cross-sectional and retrospective study carried out during a period of 5 years (January 2011- December 2015) in six health facilities in Yaounde, Cameroon. Data were collected using physical files. We included patients consulting a dermatologist, for whom diagnosis of IAD was made. Statistical significance was set at a p-value < 0.05. Results. Among 30,029 patients who attended dermatologic consultation during the study period, 7077 (23.6%) cases of IAD were identified. Among these 7077 patients, 63.9% were female. The most represented age group was 0-9 years (26.2%). During the study period, the distribution  of IAD was as follows: contact eczema (8.1%), prurigo (6.1%), urticaria (3.6%), atopic dermatitis (3.5%), lichen planus (1.8%), and toxidermia (0.6%). Prurigo was the most common IAD in HIV positive patients (73.2%). During these five years, the prevalence of IADs in children increased significantly (P = 0.00), as it rose from 31.1% in 2011 to 38.9% in 2015. Conclusion. IAD are an important cause of dermatology consultations in Yaounde. It prevalence increased significantly in 5 years among children.