Prospective cytomegalovirus monitoring during first-line chemotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia

Little is known about the incidence and clinical impact of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in patients with acute myeloid leukemia at the time of diagnosis and during chemotherapy. The aims of the present study were to assess prospectively the incidence of active CMV infection in 69 consecutive patients with acute myeloid leukemia and to describe the outcomes of treatment. pp65 antigenemia was monitored at diagnosis, post-induction and post-consolidation chemotherapy, and whenever CMV reactivation was suspected. Patients with pp65 antigenemia received pre-emptive anti-CMV treatment. Fifty-nine patients achieved complete remission. Baseline CMV serology results were available for 56 of the 59 patients: 52 patients (93%) were IgG positive. The overall incidence of pp65 antigenemia in patients in complete remission after chemotherapy was 35% (21/59): 9 patients after induction and 12 post-consolidation. Sixteen of the 21 pp65-positive patients received anti-CMV treatment: 15 as pre-emptive therapy and 1 for interstitial CMV pneumonitis. Five patients received no anti-CMV treatment and did not develop CMV disease. Patients with pp65 antigenemia had more hospital admissions (2.57 vs. 2.16; P = 0.009), while patients with >10 pp65-positive cells had more clinical complications (8/9 vs. 2/12; P = 0.002). In conclusion, patients with acute myeloid leukemia receiving chemotherapy should be monitored for active CMV infection. CMV reactivation in these patients was associated with an increased number of hospital admissions, and high levels of pp65 antigenemia were associated with more clinical complications. Controlled studies are needed to assess the relevance of pre-emptive anti-CMV therapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia receiving chemotherapy. J. Med. Virol. 82: 1201–1207, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.