Medicinal Plants Research

252Diabetes mellitus is debilitating disease affecting a huge amount of human population globally and causing not only pain, suffering, devastating complications and disability to a millions of people, but also lead to severe economical consequences. Since 1990s, several population studies demonstrated an increase in variety of types of neurological diseases in the diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetic population. 1 , 2 A proper metabolic control via new effective natural drugs (with minimal or no side effects), which are produced from the medicinal plants, as well as awareness of importance of new effective and targeting drugs development and a proper treatment for the diabetes and neurological diseases, could result in reduction and/or delay in the onset of these pathologies and future elimination of their multiple physical and emotional complications. Lots of additional studies, pre-clinical and clinical studies need to be done in order to clarify all the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved into development of diabetes and neurological diseases. This chapter represents a comprehensive overview of the basic physiological and cellular mechanisms causing the onset diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as description of the variety medicinal plants and bioactive compounds which could be a potential candidate for the creation and development of natural therapeutics.