Imaging of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders

Abstract Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a rare and chronic disabling autoimmune astrocytopathy of the central nervous system (CNS). Current advances regarding aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) antibody function facilitate the understanding of clinical manifestations and imaging findings beyond optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. The current definition of NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) includes both AQP4-IgG seropositive and seronegative patients who present with characteristic findings. This review will briefly summarize the pathophysiology and the latest NMOSD diagnostic criteria and focus on the NMOSD imaging findings and its differential diagnosis.