Method for Studying Many-Particle Effects on Nonequilibrium Steady States

On the basis of time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), we develop a method for calculating the spatial distribution of interacting particles in a nonequilibrium state. The particles flow around spatially fixed matter. Using this method, we clarify the many-particle effects due to particle interactions on the distribution of flowing hard spheres around a spatially fixed hard sphere (probe particle). We numerically calculate the TDDFT equations assuming axial symmetry, using the discrete Hankel transform. From this numerical calculation, we obtain the forces exerted on the probe particle by the flowing hard spheres. The calculated forces are compared with those due to noninteracting flowing particles at various particle flow velocities and volume fractions. This comparison shows that the force in the interacting-particle case is reduced by the hard-sphere interaction at low velocities and small volume fractions. In contrast, at high velocities and large volume fractions, the force in the hard-sph...