Casein synthesis is independently and additively related to individual essential amino acid supply

Abstract Specific AA affect rates of milk protein synthesis in the mammary glands of lactating cows. The objective of this study was to quantify the rate of α S1 -casein synthesis in response to Ile, Leu, Met, and Thr supplementation, and to test the single-limiting AA theory for milk protein synthesis by exploring interactions among these AA. Effects of Ile, Leu, Met, and Thr were studied in vitro with a composite design containing a central point repeated 4 times, with 2 axial points per AA and a complete 2 4 factorial. Other AA were at the concentration in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/F12 medium (DMEM). The experiment was replicated with mammary tissue from 5 lactating cows. Mammary tissue slices (0.12±0.02g) were incubated for 4h at 37°C in 5mL of treatment medium containing 2 H 5 -Phe. Caseins were precipitated from cell homogenate supernatants. Enrichment with 2 H 5 -Phe of the N[34]LLRFFVAPFPE α S1 peptide was determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-tandem time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF-TOF), which was used to determine enrichment of Phe in the transfer (t)RNA pool and α S1 -casein fractional synthesis rates (CFSR). Data were analyzed with a polynomial mixed model containing linear, quadratic, and 2-factor interactions for Ile, Leu, Met, and Thr, and cow and residual as random factors. Interactions were not significant at P