Genome-wide analysis revisits incipient sympatric and allopatric speciation in a beetle
2020
The grain
beetle, Oryzaephilus
surinamensis, is a widespread
species distributed in the wild and in granaries. Our earlier
extensive biological studies indicated that the beetle shows incipient sympatric
speciation (SS) in the wild at Evolution Canyon I (EC-I), Israel, and allopatric speciation,
in a granary. Here we provide genome-wide evidence supporting our adaptive
evolution scenario involving two models of speciation, SS in the
wild, and allopatric in the granary. The EC-I microsite is a hot spot
of SS across life from bacteria to mammals caused by the sharp opposite
microclimates. The tropical hot, dry and savannoid biome dubbed
the “African” slope (AS), sharply contrasts with the opposite
temperate, cool, humid, and forested biome on the European” slope
(ES), separated by only ~250 meters. The third allopatric granary
population is 26 km north of EC-I. The granary population showed larger
genomic, morphological, and behavioral distances, smaller genome size,
more unique transposable elements, and reproductive isolation,
displaying faster genomic divergence than between the wild populations at
EC-I. The incipient SS of the wild populations, and
the speciation of the granary population are reinforced by
the substantial genomic divergence among the three beetle
populations, supporting again the evolutionary scenario of incipient SS
with gene flow at EC-I, and allopatric speciation in the granary
population. We propose additional studies in Israel, the Mediterranean basin,
and worldwide, to negate alternative explanations, based on a broader sampling
and analysis.
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