Raman spectral signatures of urinary extracellular vesicles from diabetic patients and hyperglycemic endothelial cells as potential biomarkers in diabetes

Abstract Raman spectroscopy was applied to the measurement of urinary and in vitro endothelium-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated by hydrostatic filtration dialysis (HFD) method. Raman spectra obtained for urinary EVs (UEVs) showed distinct differences in the fingerprint region. In contrast, average Raman spectra of endothelium-derived EVs samples were almost identical. Cluster Analysis of UEVs significantly discriminated diabetic samples from control, moreover endothelium-derived EVs revealed stronger similarity between long hyperglycemia and normoglycemia samples compared to short hyperglycemia. Results obtained from Partial Least Squares analysis corresponded well with integral intensities of selected bands. Our proof-of-concept approach demonstrates the potential for Raman spectroscopy to be used both for identification of EVs molecular signatures in urine samples from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and good glycemic control and unsatisfactory glycemic control as well as for in vitro hyperglycemic model. This noninvasive technique may be useful in identifying new biomarkers of diabetes and renal complications.