Management of Low-risk and Intermediate-risk Non–Muscle-invasive Bladder Carcinoma

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a highly recurrent disease. The health care costs for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer are a major burden for society. Bladder cancer treatment starts with a presumed complete transurethral resection of a bladder tumor. Despite international guidelines for perioperative and/or adjuvant intravesical instillation therapy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, adequate worldwide application is lacking. In patients who do get adjuvant intravesical instillations, recurrences are still frequent. New therapies in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer are unsatisfactory and still experimental.