The effect of Cu(II) stress on the activity, performance and recovery on the Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidizing (Anammox) process

Abstract The short-term effects of Cu(II) on the Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (Anammox) process were evaluated using batch tests. The IC 50 of Cu(II) on Anammox mixed culture was 12.9 mg L −1 . The long-term effects of Cu(II) on the Anammox process were examined in two upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, a test reactor ( R 1 ) and a control reactor ( R 0 ). The performance of R 1 was strongly inhibited by Cu(II) at a concentration of 5 mg L −1 with a specific Anammox activity of 0.9 mg TN g −1 volatile suspended solids h −1 , which corresponded to a 94% loss in activity. Without Cu(II) addition, the recovery phase of R 1 was consistent with the typical characteristics seen in an Anammox process startup, with a good fit to both the modified Boltzmann model ( R 2  = 0.9860) and the modified Stover–Kincannon model ( R 2  = 0.9701). Maintaining the influent Cu(II) at a low level of no more than 4 mg L −1 was necessary for preventing the copper inhibition.