Human Polyomavirus and Papillomavirus Infection and Disease Posttransplant

Human papillomavirus (HPV) and human polyomavirus (HPyV) infections are widespread in the general population, but cause very little acute illness. However, certain HPV species are the key etiology of condylomata acuminata, cervical cancer, and also anorectal and head-and-neck cancer, and potentially preventable by current vaccines in immunocompetent individuals. In immunocompromised patients, particularly after solid organ transplantation or hematopoietic stem transplantation, HPV and HPyV show an aggravated clinical course. Here, aspects of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and clinical management are discussed for HPyV-associated nephropathy, hemorrhagic cystitis, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, as well as HPV-associated proliferative disorders of skin and mucosa including cancer.