Optimization of the ceramic ink used in Direct Ink Writing through rheological properties characterization of zirconia-based ceramic materials

Abstract Understanding and optimization the rheological properties characterization of zirconia (ZrO2) based ceramics inks is critical for optimizing the production of Direct Ink Writing (DIW) components to achieve complex structures with similar properties as those obtained by using the traditional processing routes. In this work, ZrO2 based ceramic materials with different yttrium contents (3 and 8 mol %) were designed and produced by DIW to determine the most suitable ceramic ink composition in terms of the rheological properties (e.g. flow curves, viscosity, loss modulus G′, storage modulus G″, etc.) to design new components. Different ceramic inks with charges up to 75 wt % were prepared and characterized. A systematic study of the feedstock, as well as the different ceramic inks, was performed to determine the optimal ceramic charge. This characterization evidences that rheological properties of zirconia based ceramic inks are influenced by the particle size and amount of ceramic content. Furthermore, the rheological study highlights that the ZrO2 inks present a Non-Newtonian behavior depending on the ceramic content. Results revealed that the yttrium content affects the flow properties of ZrO2 suspensions in such a way that, higher shear rate was required to make the suspensions flow at increasing the amount of powder. It was also found that the best rheological properties corresponded to 73 and 70% for the 3Y- and 8Y–ZrO2 of ceramic charge, respectively.