Ternary Anode Design for Sustainable Battery Technology: An Off-Stoichiometric Sn/SnSiOx+2@C Composite Recycled from Biomass

Recycling of environmentally benign, highly abundant mineral resources and low-cost biomass for electrodes is urgently needed for the sustainable integration of energy storage devices. In the present study, we propose a rational design of a ternary composite by integrating Sn nanoparticles, a glass-phase SnSiOx+2 matrix, and a biomass deriving N-doped carbon framework via a one-pot, scalable annealing process. The synergistic effect of reversible Li+ storage properties originates from the complementary functionalities of each component: abundant functional groups grafted on the processed biomass anchor the metallic precursors for intimate coupling of the electroactive components, and the biomass-derived carbon framework serves as a conductive substrate for the ultrasmall Sn particles calcinated from the off-stoichiometric precursor ratio while glass-phase SnSiOx+2 accommodates the volume expansion of the Sn–Li alloy. The Sn/SnSiOx+2@C-650 composite anode displays an overall satisfactory cycle performance:...