2000s: EP and Pacing

As the new millennium opened, multimodality imaging techniques were united with the electrophysiological catheter techniques developed a generation before. These included traditional fluoroscopy, intracardiac ultrasound, and 4D electroanatomic or noncontact mapping. Detailed studies of cardiac anatomy allowed electrophysiology to transition into “electro-anatomic physiology.” Routine percutaneous access of the intact epicardial space was introduced.