Development of acute myeloid leukemia from donor cells after allogenic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in a female patient with acute monoblastic leukemia

Development of leukemia from donor cells is a rare complication of allogeneic blood stem cells (BSC). The paper describes a case of evolving acute myeloid leukemia of a graft in a patient with resistant acute monoblastic leukemia after related allogeneic peripheral BSC transplantation. The rarity of this complication, difficulties in providing evidence for the donor origin of a leukemic clone demonstrate a need for all-round careful dynamic assessment of the hematopoietic system after allogeneic transplantation, by applying the current cytogenetic (fluorescence in situ hybridization) and molecular (hypervariable genomic region amplification test using the polymerase chain reaction, hypervariable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), and short number of tandem repeats (STR)) techniques, which permits errors to be avoided in the assessment of a clinical situation and in the diagnosis of leukemia from donor cells. There is no developed policy for treatment of acute graft-versus-leukemia.