Genotypic analysis of Italian MRSA strains exhibiting low-level Ceftaroline and Ceftobiprole resistance

Abstract The aim of this study was to address the involvement of PBP mutations in the bactericidal activity to novel cephalosporins, alone and in combination with daptomycin, in not-related multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated during a nationwide Italian survey. MICs determination and time-killing assays were performed and mec A, pbp 1, pbp 2, pbp 3, pbp 4, and gdp P genes were sequenced. Ten strains showed low-level resistance to ceftaroline and ceftobiprole. PBP2a sequence analysis identified four different mutations (N146K; N204K; T235I; E239K) uniquely present in the non-penicillin-binding domain (nPBD). Epidemiologically, this resistance was associated with the most widespread MDR Italian clone ST228-SCCmecI-t001/t041, confirming its proclivity to accumulate mutations, and it is also associated to substitutions in the GdpP signaling protein, involved in the maintenance of di-AMP balance, recently associated with resistance to beta-lactams. Despite these mutations, both drugs retained their potent in vitro bactericidal activity and showed a synergistic effect towards difficult-to-treat isolates.