Understanding transnational healthcare use in immigrant communities from a cultural systems perspective: a qualitative study of Dutch residents with a Turkish background.

Objectives Transnational utilisation of healthcare by people with an immigrant background carries risks, including medicalisation and adverse iatrogenic outcomes. We investigated the drivers behind such transnational healthcare use from a cultural perspective on health systems. Design Qualitative interview study (2018). Setting Two primary care practices in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Participants Thirteen Dutch patients of Turkish background, who had obtained healthcare in Turkey, and who in general visited the primary care practice more than once a month. Results In the respondents’ stories, we observed how: (1) cross-border healthcare use was encouraged by cultural mismatches between expected and provided services and by differing explanatory models of illness upheld by patients and Dutch providers; (2) both transnationalism in patients and entitlements to insurance reimbursement facilitated the use of Turkish health services to bypass perceived barriers in the Dutch system; (3) cultural mismatches were reinforced during general practitioner consultations after the patients’ return to the Netherlands, thereby inducing further service use abroad. Conclusions Although cultural system influences are difficult to bridge, measures to reduce the unwelcome consequences of transnational healthcare use may include (1) strengthening the provision of culturally sensitive care in the country of residence and (2) restricting the reimbursement of care in the country of origin while maintaining the option to obtain care abroad.