The Role of Three-Dimensional Endoscopy in Pituitary Adenoma Surgery

: Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach to the sella (EES) for pituitary adenomas has become standard of care because of its promising outcomes, minimal invasiveness, and popularity among surgeons. Three-dimensional (3D) endoscope technology represents the next step in improving visualization and understanding of surgical anatomy, allowing surgeons to mirror the view offered by a traditional 3D microscope. This article discusses the history and development of 3D endoscopes, addresses theoretic advantages and disadvantages of using these devices for EES, reviews recent studies of EES for adenoma outcomes using 3D endoscopes, examines possible implications for neurosurgical training, and discusses personal experience with 3D devices.