Dendritic cells might be one of key factors for eliciting antitumor effect by chemoimmunotherapy in vivo.

In this study, we demonstrated that chemoimmunotherapy using S-1, a novel oral fluoropyrimidine anticancer drug, combined with lentinan (LNT), a β (1→3) glucan, was effective in vivo, and we clarified the augmentation of the function of dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo and in vitro. The survival period of Colon-26–bearing mice treated with S-1+LNT was significantly more prolonged than that of mice treated with S-1 alone (P<0.05). On the other hand, LNT did not prolong the survival period when combined with S-1 in Colon-26–bearing athymic mice. The frequency of CD86+ DCs infiltrated into Colon-26 was increased in mice treated with S-1+LNT, and splenic DCs harvested from mice treated with S-1+LNT showed more potent T-cell proliferation activity than that of DCs from mice treated with S-1 alone (P<0.05). Furthermore, the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in splenocytes of S-1+LNT–treated mice was specific and more potent than that of CTLs from mice treated with S-1 alone (P<0.05). These results suggest that modulation of specific immunity with LNT has a significant role in enhanced antitumor effects through the modification of DC function. We demonstrated that DCs might play an important role in chemotherapy, and the combination therapy of S-1 and LNT presents a promising chemoimmunotherapy, which might lead to better survival for cancer patients.