Formation of WO3 from various precursors

A comparative study of tungsten oxide formation from various precursors has been carried out using a complex of physicochemical methods. Crystallization of WO3 has been shown to pass through metastable states in all cases. For electrodeposited oxotungstate films, the structure of tungsten oxides depends on electrodeposition conditions and adsorption properties of substrate metal with respect to hydrogen; at temperatures below 600 °C the stoichiometric composition of WO3 is not attained.