Testing EMF for potential carcinogenic activity: A critical review of animal models

In order to assess the potential of electromagnetic fields (EMF) to influence the process of carcinogenesis, it will be necessary to supplement epidemiological studies with controlled laboratory studies in animals. There are now a number of suitable assays available, which focus on different histopathological forms of cancer and on different stages of carcinogenesis-induction, promotion, progression. In this review we discuss 8 major systems in the context of this generalized carcinogenesis paradigm. Our aim is to bring together what is currently known about the biology of carcinogenesis in these systems to provide a context for evaluating EMF results as they become available. To date, results do not clearly demonstrate the carcinogenic potential of magnetic fields. More definitive conclusions must await the completion of ongoing studies.