Neurotransmitter Vesicle Release from Human Model Neurons (NT2) is Sensitive to Botulinum Toxin A

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) internalize into nerve terminals and block the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse. BoNTs are widely used as a therapeutic agent for treatment of movement disorders and recently gained more attention as a biological weapon. Consequently, there is strong interest to develop a cell-based assay platform to screen the toxicity and bioactivity of the BoNTs. In this study, we present an in vitro screening assay for BoNT/A based on differentiated human embryonal carcinoma stem (NT2) cells. The human NT2 cells fully differentiated into mature neurons that display immunoreactivity to cytoskeletal markers (βIII-tubulin and MAP2) and presynaptic proteins (synapsin and synaptotagmin I). We showed that the human NT2 cells undergo a process of exo-endocytotic synaptic vesicle recycling upon depolarization with high K+ buffer. By employing an antibody directed against light chain of BoNT/A, we detected internalized toxin as a punctate staining along the neurites of the NT2 neurons. Using well-established methods of synaptic vesicle exocytosis assay (luminal synaptotagmin I and FM1-43 imaging) we show that pre-incubation with BoNT/A resulted in a blockade of vesicle release from human NT2 neurons in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, this blocking effect of BoNT/A was abolished by pre-adsorbing the toxin with neutralizing antibody. In a proof of principle, we demonstrate that our cell culture assay for vesicle release is sensitive to BoNT/A and the activity of BoNT/A can be blocked by specific neutralizing antibodies. Overall our data suggest that human NT2 neurons are suitable for large scale screening of botulinum bioactivity.