Additional Burden of Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure Patients beyond the Cardio-Renal-Anaemia Syndrome: Findings from the BIOSTAT-CHF Study.

Aims Whereas the combination of anaemia and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been extensively studied in patients with heart failure (HF), the contribution of iron deficiency (ID) to this dysfunctional interplay is unknown; we aimed to assess clinical associates and pathophysiological pathways related to ID in this multimorbid syndrome. Methods and results We studied 2151 patients with HF from the BIOSTAT-CHF cohort. Patients were stratified based on ID (TSAT Conclusion ID, CKD and/or anaemia in patients with HF have great overlap in biomarker profiles, suggesting common pathways associated with these syndromes. ID either alone or on top of CKD and anaemia is associated with worse quality of life, exercise capacity and prognosis of patients with worsening HF.